The most recent wave of feminism, which began in the 90s, is sometimes considered post feminist. Although it continues the feminist movement, it also criticizes some of the points of view of the second wave. Many sub-movements of feminist ideology have developed over the years: socialist feminism, radical feminism, liberal feminism, ecofeminism. Some of these sub-movements have ideologies that overlap, and some feminists consider themselves adhering to different types of feminism.
爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的最近一次浪潮，始于（20世紀(jì)）90年代，有時(shí)被稱為后爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)。雖然它繼續(xù)了女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，但也批判了第二次浪潮中的一些觀點(diǎn)。爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)意識(shí)形態(tài)的許多次級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，在過(guò)去幾年里已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來(lái)：社會(huì)主義女權(quán)主義，激進(jìn)女權(quán)主義、自由主義女權(quán)主義，經(jīng)濟(jì)女權(quán)主義。這些次級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的一些意識(shí)形態(tài)是相互重疊的，有些女權(quán)主義者認(rèn)為她們自己從屬于不同類型的女權(quán)主義。
Radical feminism can be considered the most aggressive form of its kind. Its ideology is that women are oppressed by men, who control capitalist hierarchy. Some radical feminists think that the only way to be free from this patriarchal system is to reconstruct the society. (Echols)
激進(jìn)的女權(quán)主義可以看作女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中最激烈的。它的意識(shí)形態(tài)認(rèn)為：女人受到男人的壓迫，男人控制著資本主義的世襲制度。一些激進(jìn)的女權(quán)主義者認(rèn)為從這種父權(quán)制度獲得解放的唯一途徑是對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行重構(gòu)。
There are some sub-types of radical feminism, that have emerged over time, such as separatist feminism, cultural feminism or anti-pornography feminism. Separatist feminists are extreme feminists who think that the sexual disparities between men and women are irresolvable.
隨著時(shí)間的演進(jìn)，激進(jìn)女權(quán)主義中出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)次級(jí)類型，比如分離主義女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，文化女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，或稱反色情女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)。分離主義女權(quán)主義者是極端的女權(quán)主義者，他們認(rèn)為男女之間性的差別是無(wú)法解決的問(wèn)題。
This century of feminist movement improved considerably the life of the women in the Western society. Now, women have greater access to education, have the right to vote, to own property, to serve in the military, to have marital, parental and religious rights, have the right to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy, to have a career and be financially independent from men.
女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的這一個(gè)世紀(jì)，極大地改善了西方社會(huì)婦女的生活。目前，婦女接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)增多了，有了選舉權(quán)，有了擁有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)，服兵役的權(quán)利，有了婚姻、做母親的權(quán)利和宗教權(quán)利，有了在有關(guān)懷孕、選擇職業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立于男子的問(wèn)題上進(jìn)行自主決定的權(quán)利。
However, some of the problems that the feminist movement tried to solve still exist: women are paid less comparable to men for the same work and advance less quickly in their careers, sexual harassment, domestic violence still exist, childcare is expensive. Causesthat were once won, like abortion rights and welfare rights for single mothers have to be fought again.
但是，女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)試圖解決的一些問(wèn)題仍然存在：婦女與男人同工但不同酬，而且在自己事業(yè)中取得進(jìn)展的速度低于男子；性騷擾和家庭暴力仍然存在，養(yǎng)育孩子的費(fèi)用昂貴。曾經(jīng)贏得的某些目標(biāo)，比如墮胎權(quán)利和單身母親的福利權(quán)利，還必須再次戰(zhàn)斗。
Until a certain point, the effects of feminism on society are definitively positive. But, on the other hand, the feminist movement, especially the third wave feminism, had some unexpectedly negative effects on the life of women and on society. For example, Elizabeth Powers, in her article "A Farewell to Feminism", writes about the effects of legalization of contraception and the invention of birth control pill on women. " “The pill" seemed to have solved the problem for which the "movement for women emancipation" fought for so long: "freedom from constant reproduction" . But the negative effect of the pill was that men felt that they had no responsibility for their offspring: "With the pill, this responsibility was taken from them overnight".
談到某一確定的點(diǎn)，女權(quán)主義對(duì)社會(huì)的影響肯定是積極的。但在另一方面，女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是其第三次浪潮的女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，對(duì)婦女和社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了意想不到的負(fù)面效果。比如，波爾斯在他的文章“告別女權(quán)主義”中寫到避孕立法和避孕藥丸的使用對(duì)婦女產(chǎn)生的影響： “‘這個(gè)藥丸’似乎解決了婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)曾經(jīng)長(zhǎng)期為之斗爭(zhēng)的‘從不斷生育中解放’的問(wèn)題。但這藥丸的負(fù)面影響是男子感到對(duì)他們的后代不負(fù)有責(zé)任，“靠著這藥，他們的責(zé)任一夜之間就被免除了”。
Another unexpected effect is mentioned in the article "How the feminists saved marriage" by Sam Schulman.The feminism led to the sexual revolution, which determined "the spread of cohabitation, single motherhood, the gay-liberation movement" and "the effort to extend marriage rights to homosexual, and hence, inevitably, to absolutely anyone”. Schulman mentions that the last development, in particular, "marks a steep loss in the special protections that marriage has always offered to women." Because in the twentieth century women began to have an important role in the workplace, this affected the with their partners or husbands, and the amount of work within household.
在舒爾曼的文章“女權(quán)主義者怎樣拯救了婚姻”中,還提到另一個(gè)始料不及的影響。女權(quán)主義導(dǎo)致了性革命，這個(gè)革命決定了“同居的蔓延、單身母親和男同性戀解放運(yùn)動(dòng)”，也決定了“把婚姻權(quán)延伸到同性戀，因此不可避免地，絕對(duì)是賦予了任何人”。舒爾曼提到，特別是最近的發(fā)展“標(biāo)志著婚姻一直給予婦女的保護(hù)陡然消失”。因?yàn)樵?0世紀(jì)，婦女開(kāi)始在工作場(chǎng)所發(fā)揮重要作用，這就影響了她們與自己的男伴或丈夫的關(guān)系，影響了她們?cè)诩彝ブ械墓ぷ髁俊?/p>
Women who want to have a family and children, and in the same time a career are the most affected by the feminist ideology. Most employers do not want to accommodate women who have a family. Women have to work long hours and are allowed to take only a short and unpaid leave in the event of childbirth. Often they have to choose between staying home to take care of children, or returning to work really soon and sacrificing family life. If they chose to stay home for a reasonable amount of time to take care of their children, this means that they will have a gap in their career, and this will lead to lower employability and lower wages.
希望有家庭和孩子的婦女，同時(shí)還需要有事業(yè)的婦女，受女權(quán)主義意識(shí)形態(tài)的困擾最深。所有顧主都不喜歡接納有家的婦女。婦女們不得不長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作，而且在生孩子時(shí)，只能請(qǐng)不帶工資的短時(shí)間產(chǎn)假。她們經(jīng)常需在兩者之間作出抉擇：是呆在家里看孩子，還是馬上回去上班，犧牲家庭生活呢。如果她們選擇在家呆一段長(zhǎng)短適度的時(shí)間看孩子，那就意味著她們的工作會(huì)出現(xiàn)斷層，這將導(dǎo)致她們就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)率的降低和較低的工資。
These women are torn in two between the desire to have a family and the ambition to have a career and to develop their potential. Some women are lucky enough to have a partner who can take care of the financial needs of the family and decide to stay home for an indefinite period of time and take care of the family, but then they start to feel like they do not mean anything to the society because they do not have a professional life.
這些婦女在擁有家庭的渴望、對(duì)擁有自己事業(yè)的雄心并發(fā)展自己潛能之間左右為難。有些婦女還是足夠幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)樗齻儞碛幸粋�(gè)能夠照管家庭財(cái)政需求的男伴，所以能夠決定留在家里一段不確定的時(shí)間來(lái)照料家庭，但是此后她們開(kāi)始感到，她們一文不值，因?yàn)樗齻冞^(guò)的是沒(méi)有事業(yè)的生活。
The feminist movement changed the mentality of society regarding the role of women in family. A while ago, a women's role in the family was to keep peace and harmony. They prepared breakfast for their husband and children, took the children to school, and then returned home to prepare dinner and to take care of the other errands of the day .Nowadays, women have careers, go to work everyday, and have to juggle throughout the different aspects of their complex lives.
爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)改變了社會(huì)上關(guān)于婦女在家庭中作用的心態(tài)。不久以前，婦女在家庭中的作用是保持平靜與和諧。她們要為丈夫和孩子做早飯，帶孩子上學(xué)，然后回家準(zhǔn)備晚餐，并干完每日的雜活�，F(xiàn)在，婦女都有職業(yè)，每天上班，不得不手忙腳亂地應(yīng)付她們復(fù)雜的生活的各個(gè)方面。
They do not have enough time to take care of their family even if they wanted to. For the women who wanted to have a career feminism brought this opportunity, but it disadvantaged those women who wanted to be stay-at-home-moms. In the article "Feminism and freedom", Christina Hoff Sommers writes about this aspect, that she calls "the central paradox of egalitarian feminism": "When women are liberated from the domestic sphere and no longer forced into the role of nurturers... many, perhaps most, still give priority to the domestic sphere."
即使想照料自己的家庭，她們也沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間。對(duì)于想有職業(yè)的婦女來(lái)說(shuō)，女權(quán)主義給她們帶來(lái)機(jī)會(huì)，但是這對(duì)呆在家里的媽媽不利�？死锼沟倌�?豪夫?薩默斯在她的文章“女權(quán)主義與自由”寫到這個(gè)問(wèn)題時(shí)，稱這是“平等女權(quán)主義的中心矛盾”，并說(shuō)：“當(dāng)婦女從家庭領(lǐng)域解放出來(lái)，并不再被迫擔(dān)當(dāng)保育員的角色，很多、大概是所有婦女，仍然最看重家庭領(lǐng)域”。
Women of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries needed the feminist movement. They needed the basic human rights like the right to vote, the right to an education, to work, to participate in the social and political life. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world women still live like centuries ago, when they basically had no rights: they can be sold and bought, have husbands who can divorce them with a simple word, are punished with death for adultery and so on. In the same time, the women from the Western society fought for the same role in the society as men, and won, but now they feel the constant pressure to have a career and some of them have to sacrifice the family life for that. What feminism really brought into the life of everyday woman must be reconsidered.
20和21世紀(jì)的婦女需要爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)。她們需要基本的人權(quán)，如選舉權(quán)、接受教育權(quán)、工作權(quán)，參與社會(huì)生活和政治生活的權(quán)利。不幸的是，在世界的許多地方,婦女仍像幾百年前那樣生活著，那時(shí)她們基本上無(wú)權(quán)利可言：她們可以被買賣，她們的丈夫只需簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)詞就能離婚，她們可因通奸被處死，等等。同時(shí)，西方社會(huì)的婦女為獲得與男人相同的社會(huì)角色而斗爭(zhēng)，并且贏得勝利。但是，她們現(xiàn)在感到不斷的來(lái)自職業(yè)的壓力，她們中的一些人不得不為工作而犧牲家庭生活。爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)到底給日常生活中的婦女帶來(lái)什么，是必須重新考慮的。
歷史理解要點(diǎn)：
1.女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的這一個(gè)世紀(jì)，極大地改善了西方社會(huì)婦女的生活。目前，婦女接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)增多了，有了選舉權(quán)，有了擁有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)，服兵役的權(quán)利，有了婚姻、做母親的權(quán)利和宗教權(quán)利，有了在有關(guān)懷孕、選擇職業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立于男子的問(wèn)題上進(jìn)行自主決定的權(quán)利。如果我們談到某一確定的點(diǎn)，女權(quán)主義對(duì)社會(huì)的影響肯定是積極的。
2。但在另一方面，女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是第三次浪潮的女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，對(duì)婦女和社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了意想不到的負(fù)面影響。有孩子、有丈夫、有事業(yè)的職業(yè)女性，感到最為困難。她們現(xiàn)在感到不斷的來(lái)自職業(yè)的壓力，她們中的一些人不得不為工作而犧牲家庭生活。爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的成果對(duì)婦女到底是福是禍，還真的需要重新考量。
本文來(lái)自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://www.douzifanli.com/chuzhong/54126.html
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