2013屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)精講（配最新高考+模擬）
專題01 定語(yǔ)從句
【考綱解讀】
定語(yǔ)從句在歷年的高考全國(guó)卷及各地卷的單項(xiàng)填空中，都是考試熱點(diǎn)。在今后的高考試題中，定語(yǔ)從句仍是考查的重點(diǎn)。
定語(yǔ)從句常被考查的知識(shí)有：（1）九個(gè)不同的關(guān)系代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句；（2）七個(gè)不同的關(guān)系代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；（3）對(duì)as，which，that，what代詞的理解區(qū)分及運(yùn)用。考查往往是通過(guò)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞實(shí)現(xiàn)，并考查定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句的區(qū)別�？傊瑢�(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查主要集中在關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇上，我們尤其要注意“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
【知識(shí)要點(diǎn)】
一、定語(yǔ)從句的意義?
形容詞性從句一般稱為定語(yǔ)從句，在句子中起定語(yǔ)作用，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)可修飾一個(gè)句子。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。?
定語(yǔ)從句的位置：一般置于先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。??
二、關(guān)系詞的用法?
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有which，that，who，whom，whose。?
關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why等。?
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞不僅有連接先行詞和從句的作用，而且在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。
1.關(guān)系代詞的用法：?
1)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
關(guān)系代詞who只能指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：?
A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.?
教師是傳授知識(shí)的人。（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）?
The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.?
能夠做此工作的人將獲得1000美元。（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ)）?
2)由whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
關(guān)系代詞whom只能指人，是who的賓格，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)中常常省略。如：?
The man whom you met on the street is my father.?
你在街上碰到的那個(gè)人是我父親。（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）?
The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorro?
昨天和你談話的那位婦女后天這兒。（關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以?省略）??
3)由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
關(guān)系代詞that在從句中既可以作主語(yǔ)，又可作賓語(yǔ)；既可指人，又可指物。如：?
She is the woman that often comes here.?
她就是常常這兒的那個(gè)婦女。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指人）?
The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.?
桌子上的那本書是我祖父寫的。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指物。此句中的that可以用which替換）?
Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能為你做點(diǎn)什么呢？（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，指物。此句中的that不能用which替換）?
The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飛機(jī)。(這句的關(guān)系代詞that不能用which替換，因?yàn)樗诖司渲屑戎溉擞种肝??
4)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
關(guān)系代詞which一般指物，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)。如：?
He came late，which made the teacher angry.?
他晚了，這使老師很生氣。（which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)）?
That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.?
那就是我昨天丟失的鉛筆。（which引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，which可以省略）5)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
關(guān)系代詞whose是who的所有格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，既可指人，又可指物。如：?
This is the boy whose parents died last year. 這是那個(gè)父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定語(yǔ)，指人）?
注：“whose+名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中既能作主語(yǔ)，又能作賓語(yǔ)。whose 的先行詞常用指人，但有時(shí)也可以用指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”。如：?
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他們到后墻已經(jīng)倒塌的一個(gè)房子。?
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)他寫了本書，書的名字我徹底忘了。
2.使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)?
1)當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，許多情況下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情況下，宜用who而不用that。?
先行詞是one，ones，anyone時(shí)，宜用who。如：?
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.?
任何觸犯法律的人都應(yīng)該受到?懲罰。??
先行詞為those時(shí)，宜用who。如：?
Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看電影的人在這兒簽名。?
一個(gè)句子帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用that，另一個(gè)用who。?
The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.
昨天早上你在校門口遇到的那個(gè)男孩是我們班學(xué)習(xí)很用功的班長(zhǎng)。?
2)當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，許多情況下，既可以用關(guān)系代詞which，也可用關(guān)系代詞that，但在下列情況中，只能用關(guān)系代詞that，而不用which。?
在there+be 的句型中，句子的主語(yǔ)是先行詞，而且又是物。如：?
There are two novels that I want to read.我要讀的有兩本小說(shuō)。?
There is no work that can be done no 沒有什么工作現(xiàn)在能做的了。?
當(dāng)先行詞為主句的表語(yǔ)或者關(guān)系代詞為從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：?
This is the book that was bought yesterday.這就是昨天買的書。?
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的學(xué)校了。
以Here is (are)開頭的句子時(shí)。如：?
Here is a film that will move anyone.這是一部將使任何人受感動(dòng)的電影。?
Here are two books that I will buy.這是我要買的兩本書。?
It is (high)time+定語(yǔ)從句中。如：?
It is time that we should have a rest.我們應(yīng)該休息了。?
It is high time that they started out.他們?cè)搫?dòng)身了。?
當(dāng)先行詞是way等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that或者in which在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)中，�？墒÷�。如：?
This is the way that my father did this work.這就是我父親做此工作的方式。?
She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羨慕我回答問(wèn)題的方式。?
在雙重限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，如果一個(gè)從句用who或者which引導(dǎo)時(shí)，那么另一個(gè)從句用that引導(dǎo)。如：?
He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.?
他是我曾經(jīng)看到過(guò)跳的最高的學(xué)生。?
y brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn’t far from here.?
我的弟弟在我們的城市最美麗的學(xué)校讀書，并且離這兒不遠(yuǎn)。?
當(dāng)先行詞被the last ，the very 和the only修飾時(shí)。如：?
This is the very pen that I am looking for.這正是我找的鋼筆。?
The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的書不見了。?
在強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中，并且以who，which，what開頭時(shí)。如：?
Who was it that was lost ?究竟是誰(shuí)迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who代替that，避免重復(fù)）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？?
當(dāng)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞時(shí)。如：?
You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要見的第一個(gè)人。?
This is the second book that I have ever written.這是我寫的第二本書。?
當(dāng)先行詞被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修飾時(shí)，如：?
This is all that I want to say at the meeting.這就是我在會(huì)上要說(shuō)的。?
Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的書嗎？?
當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。如：?
The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.?
我聽說(shuō)的那位教授和他的成就得到他們的贊美。?
Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.?
讓我們談?wù)撃軌蛳肫鸬娜撕褪隆?
當(dāng)先行詞為anything，everything，nothing時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which；但用something時(shí)，用which或者that均可。如：?
Everything we have seen in China is moving.我們?cè)谥袊?guó)看見的東西感人。?
I have nothing that is worth reading.我沒有什么值得一讀的東西。?
當(dāng)先行詞是疑問(wèn)代詞who時(shí)。如：?
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾見過(guò)誰(shuí)能在棋藝上打敗他？?
3)that，which，whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。如：?
This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 這就是你昨天找的那本書。?
I don’t like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜歡你看的這本小說(shuō)。?
4)定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的人稱、數(shù)與先行詞一致。如：?
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.?
請(qǐng)那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。?
（先行詞those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了）?
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.這是通過(guò)郵局寄給我的雜志。?
（先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent）?
5)定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)不要求與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致。如：?
The story which I read last night is very interesting.?
我昨天晚上看的那則故事非常有趣。
3.關(guān)系副詞的用法?
1)when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，它的先行詞通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如：?
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.?
我仍然記得我成為大學(xué)生的那個(gè)時(shí)刻。?
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期嗎？?
注：when時(shí)�？梢允÷�，特別是在某些句型和某些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中。如：?
Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他，都盡他所能幫我們。?
2)where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如：?
This is the hotel where they are staying.這是他們住的旅館。?
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不記得史密斯先生住過(guò)的房子了。?
注：where有時(shí)也可以省略。如：?
This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 這是我們昨天見面的地方。?
3)why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：?
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他為什么要離開的原因。?
注：why時(shí)常也可以省略。如：?
That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。
4.使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：?
1)這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：?
when = on (in，at，during...)+which;?
where = in (at，on...)+which;?
why = for which.如：?
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived.?
他到的時(shí)候，當(dāng)時(shí)我正在北京。?
The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor.?
他工作的辦公室在?三樓。??
This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.這是我們做這事的主要原因。?
2)當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time，day等和表地點(diǎn)的place，house等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that,缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，才能用when或where，試比較：?
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.?
我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我的家鄉(xiāng)被解放的那一天。?
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.?
我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記去年夏天我們共同度過(guò)的那段時(shí)光。?
3)when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。而why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。??
三、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人時(shí)，就只能用whom；關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物時(shí)，就只能用which。
1.當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，介詞賓語(yǔ)只能用which (指物)或whom 關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：
He has found a good job for which he is qualified.?
他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。?
（qualify + 名詞+for意為“使……具有……資格”）?
The man to whom you talked just noill chair the meeting tomorro?
你剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人明天主持那個(gè)會(huì)議。（ talk to+名詞意為“與某人談話”）?
He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租金進(jìn)行磋商。（名詞+rent at+表示價(jià)格的詞意為“某物以某價(jià)格出租”）
2.當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。如：?
This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.這就是我們引以為豪的英雄。?
This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.這就是我用寫信的那枝筆。
3.“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。?
He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.?
他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高樹。?
The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed.?
那只猴子過(guò)了河，在河中央它差點(diǎn)淹死。?
注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：?
This is the pen which I’m looking for.這正是我在尋找的那枝筆。?
The boys he is looking after are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。
4.介詞+關(guān)系代詞=關(guān)系副詞?
1）這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜∵^(guò)的房間。?
This is the room which we lived in last year.?
This is the room in which we lived last year.?
This is the room where we lived last year.?
2)我仍然記得我入黨的那一天。?
I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.?
I still remember the day when I joined the Party.?
通過(guò)對(duì)上述知識(shí)的掌握，對(duì)于一個(gè)句子我們可用不同的表達(dá)方法表達(dá)。如：?
那就是他工作的大學(xué)。?
四、定語(yǔ)從句的種類以及區(qū)別
1.定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)將它們之間的用法及區(qū)別列表如下
限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
和先行詞的關(guān)系密切（刪去后，影響整個(gè)句子意義的表達(dá)）和先行詞的關(guān)系不密切（是一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，刪去后不影響整個(gè)句子意義的表達(dá)）
不用逗號(hào)分開一般使用逗號(hào)分開
可用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)不可用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)
可以省略（that，who，which在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略）不可以省略
可以替代（whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用who或that替代）不能替代
只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分修飾整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分，此時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句前有逗號(hào)分開，只能用which或as引導(dǎo)。
請(qǐng)看下面例句的不同含義：?
限制性：她有兩個(gè)當(dāng)解放軍的兒子。?
She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.?
(aybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.)?
非限制性：她有兩個(gè)兒子，他們都是解放軍。?
She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men.?
(She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.)?
體會(huì)下列非限制性定語(yǔ)從句?
Yesterday I met Li Ping，who seemed to be busy.?
昨天我遇到了李平，他看起?很忙。??
We will put off the meeting until next week，when we won’t be so busy.?
我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周舉行，到那時(shí)我們就不會(huì)這么忙了。
2.關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別?
which與as都可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但它們有許多用法上的區(qū)別，現(xiàn)就此簡(jiǎn)要分析如下：??
1)which與as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：?
which只能放在主句后面，而as引導(dǎo)的從句位置相對(duì)較靈活，可在前，可在后。如：?
As he realized，I was very useful to him.?
（在前）正像他所意識(shí)到的那樣，我對(duì)他非常有用。?
Air，as we know，is a gas.（在中）空氣，眾所周知，是一種氣體。?
He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent.?
(在后)他是個(gè)外國(guó)人，正像我從他的口音判斷的那樣。?
He came late again，which made his boss angry.?
（在后）他又晚了，這一點(diǎn)使得老板很生氣。?
在which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是am，is，are，則這些系動(dòng)詞不能省略，而as后面若是這種情況，則可以省略。如：?
He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是個(gè)老師，這從他的言談舉止可看清楚。?
He said he had never seen her before，which was not true.?
（was 不可省略）他說(shuō)他從沒見過(guò)她，這一點(diǎn)不對(duì)。?
當(dāng)which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上近乎并列關(guān)系時(shí)，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“這事”。如：?
He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry.?
他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。?
She has married again，which (and this，and that)was unexpected.?
出乎意料的是，她又結(jié)婚了。?
而as主要起與上下連接的作用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的看法、觀點(diǎn)，并指出主句內(nèi)容的出處或根據(jù)等。如：?
Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.愛因斯坦，眾所周知，是位偉大的科學(xué)家。?
As is announced in today’s newspaper，we must improve our style of work.?
今天的報(bào)紙上說(shuō)，我們必須改進(jìn)工作作風(fēng)。?
作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，which既可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，而as只可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。如:?
He married her，which was natural.?
（可用as代替which）他和她結(jié)婚，這是很自然的事。??
He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious.?
(不可用as代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使他名揚(yáng)天下。?
當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句位于主句之后，純粹表示主句所述的內(nèi)容，不帶有“如……那樣”的意思時(shí)，往往用which，而不用as。如：?
They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them.?
他們被邀請(qǐng)參加國(guó)宴，這對(duì)他們說(shuō)是莫大的榮幸。?
We had to sleep in our wet clothes，which was most uncomfortable.?
我們不得不穿著濕衣服睡覺，這簡(jiǎn)直太不舒服了。?
ummy always treats me just like a baby，which I can’t bear.?
媽媽老把我當(dāng)成小孩子對(duì)待，這讓我無(wú)法忍受。?
當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句有“如同……那樣”的意思時(shí)，用as比用which更常見，而這些從句幾乎成為固定說(shuō)法。如：
Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes，as is often the case.?
事與愿違，這是常有的事。?
As was natural， this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.?
這種過(guò)分希望之后，接著是極度的沮喪，是很自然的事。?
Chaucer is buried in “Poet’s Corner”，as might have been expected.?
正如人們已經(jīng)預(yù)料的，喬叟被葬在“詩(shī)人角”。?
The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.這種材料有彈性，如圖所示。?
as we know眾所周知?
as has been said above/before正如前所述?
as has been pointed out正如已經(jīng)指出的?
as might be imagined可以想像得到?
當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞指的是先行詞本身時(shí)，只能用which。如：?
These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.?
這些蘋果樹是我三年前種下的，沒結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。?
The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years.?
泰晤士河，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很干凈，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。?
帶介詞的典型的定語(yǔ)從句，必須用which，不能用as。如：?
There is a great deal of oxygen around us，without which we could not live.我們周圍有許多氧氣，沒有它我們就無(wú)法生存。?
The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time.?
我們經(jīng)常玩耍的花園里的那個(gè)棚子，已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。?
2)引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)which與as的區(qū)別：?
先行詞如為表示物的名詞或代詞，在從句中又作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用which。如：?
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 這就是我煮牛奶的鍋。?
前面有as時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as，不用which。如：?
There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。?
前面有such時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as,不用which。如：?
Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.?
認(rèn)識(shí)湯姆的女人都認(rèn)為他很?迷人。??
I have never heard such stories as he tells.他講的那些故事我從沒聽過(guò)。?
He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那種人。?
前面有the same時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as而不用which。如：?
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.?
我們正面臨著和多年以前同樣的困難。?
This is the same wallet as I lost.這只錢包與我丟失的那只相同。?
I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有著同樣的困難。?
總之，which與as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別要在實(shí)踐中多體會(huì)，體會(huì)多了，才能正確運(yùn)用。??五、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致的問(wèn)題
1.one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)形動(dòng)詞。如：?
Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.《泰坦尼克號(hào)》是在好萊塢拍的最好的電影之一。?
2.the (only)one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)形動(dòng)詞。如：?
The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.?
長(zhǎng)城是地球上惟一一個(gè)從月球上能夠看到的建筑。?
3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as或which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as或which作主語(yǔ)，則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：?
Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all.?
中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化，眾所周知。?
4.其他情況?
I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老師，要盡全力幫助你。?
To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true.?
每家擁有一臺(tái)彩電，這在20年前我們認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。?
Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about??
你聽說(shuō)了他們談?wù)摰娜撕褪铝藛幔??
【考點(diǎn)詮釋】
定語(yǔ)從句
考點(diǎn)1 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom”中介詞和關(guān)系代詞的選擇
介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞為歷年高考考查的重點(diǎn)，一般講有兩個(gè)：指人時(shí)只能用whom，指物時(shí)只能用which。當(dāng)然關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)也可用whose。如：
①The pen with which he wrote was made in China．他寫字用的鋼筆是中國(guó)制造的。
②The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast．湯姆到加拿大去時(shí)乘坐的火車速度非�？�。
③The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students．那位老師對(duì)他的學(xué)生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大樹。
考點(diǎn)2 as與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的判定
1．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的從句表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)話語(yǔ)的看法、態(tài)度、解釋或評(píng)論。
(1)此時(shí)的as意為“正如……，正像……”。翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)可不必譯出。如：
You are clever，as all those who know you can see．你很聰明，所有認(rèn)識(shí)你的人都能看出。
(2)在句法上，as常用作一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的賓語(yǔ)，這類動(dòng)詞與as幾乎成了一種固定搭配。如：
As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger．眾所周知，中國(guó)正變得越越強(qiáng)大。
(3)as引導(dǎo)的從句可以前置(而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不可)。如：
As is a fact，ike is expected to make a top student．這是一個(gè)事實(shí)，邁克有望成為一名頂尖的學(xué)生。
特別提示
主句中出現(xiàn)the same，such，so修飾先行詞時(shí)，要選擇as作關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)as引導(dǎo)的是限制性定語(yǔ)從句。另外要注意：
(1)the same…that與the same…as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在意義上的區(qū)別：前者修飾的名詞與原物是同一個(gè)東西；而后者修飾的是與先行詞同類型的另一樣?xùn)|西。試比較：
①This is the same bag that I lost yesterday．這正是我昨天丟失的那個(gè)書包。(同一個(gè)書包)
②This is the same bag as I lost yesterday．這個(gè)書包和我昨天丟失的那個(gè)一樣。(同類型的另一個(gè))
(2)such/so…as…和such /so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)不同，as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
①They talked in such simple English as children could understand．他們用孩子們能聽懂的簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)交談。(定語(yǔ)從句，as代替先行詞simple English作understand的賓語(yǔ))
②He shut the windoith such a force that the glass broke．他如此用力地關(guān)窗，結(jié)果玻璃碎了。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，that引導(dǎo)的從句表示用力關(guān)窗導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果)
2．which引導(dǎo)的此類從句對(duì)主句所敘述的事情進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，表明事物的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
(1)which此時(shí)指前面主句所提到的，常譯為“這一點(diǎn)，這事”等。主句與從句通常要用逗號(hào)隔開，且從句只能位于被修飾句子的后面。如：
He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied．他工作干得不錯(cuò)．，這使得他的老板很滿意。
(2)which在句法上一般用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間常含有并列、因果關(guān)系。如：
She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents．她在比賽中取得成功，這使得她的父母很滿意。
(3)在從句中作定語(yǔ)或介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用which。如：He often works far into the night，by which time everyone else has left the office．他通常工作到深夜，到那時(shí)其他人
已下班了。
特別提示
高考一般不考查as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，但近年高考試題中出現(xiàn)過(guò)這個(gè)考點(diǎn)。一般說(shuō)，如果從句的含義是順接主句的敘述，那么這兩個(gè)詞都可以使用；如果從句的含義是對(duì)主句的否定，或者語(yǔ)意不是順接的，則只能用which。如：
①He came late to school，which/as was what we had expected．他上學(xué)遲到了，這是我們意料中的。
②He came late to school，which surprised US a11．他上學(xué)遲到了，這讓我們所有人都很驚訝。(不可用as)
考點(diǎn)3 關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的辨別
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；而關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等狀語(yǔ)。一般說(shuō)，關(guān)系副詞在語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于”介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：
①I’ll never forget the days which I spent with you．我不會(huì)忘記我們?cè)谝黄鸲冗^(guò)的歲月。(which在定語(yǔ)從句中作spent的賓語(yǔ))
②I’ll never forget the days when(=in which)we studied in Beijing．我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一起在北京學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)光。(when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，studied在此處為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不再接賓語(yǔ))
考點(diǎn)4 定語(yǔ)從句的間隔現(xiàn)象
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接被它修飾的先行詞，但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫做被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句。在這種情況下，對(duì)關(guān)系詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷顯得相當(dāng)重要，而且在閱讀時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀時(shí)要注意識(shí)別。一般說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句被分割開大致有以下三種情況：在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，或被謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分隔開。如：
①Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你還記得十年前的一天下午，我到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈嗎?
(先行詞one afternoon與定語(yǔ)從句被狀語(yǔ)ten years ago分隔開了)
②A new teacher will eOlTle tomorroho will teach you German．明天，一位新老師將教你們德語(yǔ)。(先行詞a new teacher與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)部分和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)will come tomorrow隔開了)關(guān)系代詞在下列情況下常省略：(1)作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；(2)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞與介詞分開使用時(shí)，可以省略。但若是關(guān)系代詞與介詞連用，則不能省略。如：
①The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue．我放在桌子上的那外套是藍(lán)色的。(作動(dòng)詞put的賓語(yǔ))
②who is the teacher(whom)Li ing is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作介詞to的賓語(yǔ))
③Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel．請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那兒借的這本英小說(shuō)。(關(guān)系代詞不能省略)
有些句型結(jié)構(gòu)如同位語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句與定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較相似，稍不認(rèn)真就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
1．定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一一步說(shuō)明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如：
①He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the eompany．他許諾如果他能獲得那份工作，他將努力為公司掙盡可能多的
錢。(that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a promise的進(jìn)一步解釋和說(shuō)明)
②ike’s parents made a special promise to Tom that surprisedTom．邁克的父母對(duì)湯姆許下了一個(gè)特別的諾言，這使得湯姆很驚奇。(that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞promise的修飾和限制)
2．定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的判斷方法：若將句中的“It is/was…that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，說(shuō)明原句是強(qiáng)
調(diào)句。如：
It was in 1 998 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi．在1998年，洪水毀壞了江西地區(qū)很多的房屋。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
(判斷方法：如果去掉it was和that，剩下in 1998 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi，句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，可判定原句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
3．定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句在句子中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞、代詞或句子；并且，這個(gè)被修飾的名詞、代詞或句子稱為先行詞，通常放在定語(yǔ)從句之前。狀語(yǔ)從句在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞；通常不同的狀語(yǔ)從句有不同的連詞，位置較靈活，通常放在句首或句末，有時(shí)也放在句中。
以where為例說(shuō)明：
①Let’s have a short meeting where we met last time．我們?cè)谏洗我娒娴牡胤介_個(gè)短會(huì)吧。(Where we met last time是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表示開會(huì)的地方)
②This is the place where we had a meeting last time．這就是我們上次開會(huì)的地方。(Where we had a meeting last time是定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾the place)
【試題放送】
【2012東卷】23. aria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series.
A. them B. that
C. which D. what
【答案】
【解析】此處先行詞是two novels，后面是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且介詞前置，因此用both of which引導(dǎo)。句意：aria寫了兩部小說(shuō)，兩部都被拍成了電視劇。
【考點(diǎn)】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法。
【2012福建卷】23. The air quality in the city, ________is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
A. thatB. it C. as D. what
【考點(diǎn)】本題考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
【答案】C
【解析】本句難點(diǎn)是把定語(yǔ)從句分割出放在句首就很明了了，把句子轉(zhuǎn)換成 is shown in the report, the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.就能直接看到非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞放句首指的是下所提到的一句話用as引導(dǎo)“正如在 所寫的那樣”。
【2012安徽卷】29. Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. This
【答案】A
【解析】如果選擇B或D 就出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)句子了。本題考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞指整個(gè)一句話Ａlot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。傳統(tǒng)考法是直接把從句放在句首，我不知道這里是不是算作句首，我相信學(xué)生們也會(huì)是一頭霧水吧。【as用在句首，which用在句末，正確答案應(yīng)該是A】
【考點(diǎn)】考查定語(yǔ)從句。
【2012北京卷】26. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which作表語(yǔ)。
【2012全國(guó)II】8. That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
【答案】B
【解析】這里that evening是先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ)，所以用which。句意：以后我將和你談起的那個(gè)晚上，我工作到了很晚。
【考點(diǎn)】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。
【2012屆廣西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考聯(lián)合調(diào)研】32．—We’ll take the conditions into careful consideration you have attached to this contract.
—Thanks. Hope for further cooperation.
A．a(chǎn)sB．whichC．whereD．what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處the conditions是先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作to的賓語(yǔ)。故用which。
【河南省鄭州市2012屆英語(yǔ)信息卷（三）】13. Do you remember a certain occasion ______ you were in trouble and at that moment I gave you a hand.
A. whereB. whichC. whyD. when
【答案】D
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)后面的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)at that moment可知occasion指時(shí)間，故要使用關(guān)系副詞when，相當(dāng)于at which time。
【2012屆保定市高三第一次模擬】32. Lisa，I guess we'd better fix a navigational aid（導(dǎo)航儀）to the car_________we can find our way easily.
A. which B. that C. from which D. with which
【答案】D
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a navigational aid為先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作with的賓語(yǔ)。句意：麗薩，我認(rèn)為我們最好在車上安裝導(dǎo)航儀，用它我們能容易地找到路。
【2012屆河北省邯鄲市高三第一次模擬考試】26. Leave him a note at the reception desk, he will learn how to find you.
A. which B. from which C. with which D. on which
【答案】B
【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a note是先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作from的賓語(yǔ)。
相當(dāng)于：he will learn how to find you from the note。
【2012屆河北省普通高考模擬】26．-----How about your job-hunting？
-----No luck．Now，I’ve reached the stage________I don’t care what I do．
A. which B． where C．when D. that
【答案】B
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處the stage是先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。句意：現(xiàn)在我到了我不關(guān)心做什么的境地。
【2012屆四川省成都石室中學(xué)高三二診模擬】7．A turning point of the continuously high housing price won't appear suddenly because there must be a certain process ___ many factors lead to the change．
A．which B．what C．where D．that
【答案】C
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處process作先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where。
【2012屆四川省成都石室中學(xué)高三二診模擬】10．Jane's struggle to make a place for herself in the music circle is the kind of life story___a fascinating novel might be written．
A．where B．by whom C．for what D．a(chǎn)bout which
【答案】D
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處life story是先行詞，其后是介詞前置的定語(yǔ)從句。相當(dāng)于a fascinating novel might be written about the story。
【2012屆江西省六校聯(lián)考】26. ore teens are smoking in Beijing, ______ the number of primary and middle school students picking up the habit has more than doubled from previous years.
A. which B. when C. where D. that
【答案】 C
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。Beijing 是先行詞，在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
【2012屆浙江杭州重點(diǎn)高中原創(chuàng)模擬】17. Judging from his face_______ there was a confident smile, we knew that he didn’t lose heart.
A. in which B. from which C. by which D. on which
【答案】D
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句介詞+關(guān)系代詞的用法。a confident smile on his face.句意為：從他臉上自信的笑容判斷，我們知道他沒灰心。故選D。
【2012屆浙江杭州重點(diǎn)高中原創(chuàng)模擬】19. We have spotted the location, _______ we thought is the site of Emperor Qin Shihuang.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
【答案】C 考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知空格出引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，we thought 是插入語(yǔ)，從句缺少主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)考慮用關(guān)系代詞，又是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，故選C。
【2012屆浙江省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)協(xié)作體4月調(diào)研】14. ---When did the young man save you?
---January 1st,2000, the first day of the new century,_______ I can never forget.
A. whenB. whichC. thatD. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。先行詞the first day在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。
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