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【讀者按】動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類(lèi)。那我們?cè)撛趺从脛?dòng)詞呢？怎么樣用才正確呢？下面看看編輯的“英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)”

類(lèi) 別

意義

例 句

實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。

She has some bananas.

They eat a lot of potatoes.

連系動(dòng)詞

本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。

His father is a teacher.

Twins usually look the same.

The teacher became very angry.

助動(dòng)詞

本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,用來(lái)表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或其它語(yǔ)法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱(chēng)、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。

He doesn’t speak English.

We are playing basketball.

Do you have a brother?

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.

May I smoke here?

We must go now.

★重要注解：

(1)關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：

①英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類(lèi)：

后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語(yǔ)的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。

②有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。

有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say,raise,lay,find,buy等。

③大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study,sing等。

④有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know,wash等。

⑤有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類(lèi)一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.

(2)關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：

①連系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。

②常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。

③有些連系動(dòng)詞來(lái)源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來(lái))、feel(感覺(jué)、摸→感到)、smell(聞、嗅→聞起來(lái))、taste(嘗→嘗起來(lái))、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長(zhǎng)→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。

(3)關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：

①常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有：

用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);

用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having);

用于將來(lái)時(shí)的shall(should);will(would)

用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did).

②助動(dòng)詞必須同主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)一致,也就是說(shuō)因主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall,will,should,would.

(4)關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：

(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：

規(guī) 則變 化

原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況

現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱(chēng)

現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞

過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞

一般情況

+s

+ing

+ed

s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾

+es

+ing

+ed

輔音字母+y結(jié)尾

y→i,+es

+ing

y→i,+ed

重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾

+s

雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ing

雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ed

不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾

+s

去掉e,+ing

+d

ie結(jié)尾

+s

ie→y,+ing

+d

不規(guī)則變化

have→has；be→is

(無(wú))

(見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)

(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：(原形→過(guò)去式→過(guò)去分詞)

be(am,is)

was

been

lose

lost

lost

be(are)

were

been

make

made

made

beat

beat

beaten

may

might

become

became

become

mean

meant

meant

begin

began

begun

meet

met

met

blow

blew

blown

mistake

mistook

mistaken

break

broke

broken

must

must

bring

brought

brought

pay

paid

paid

build

built

built

put

put

put

buy

bought

bought

read

read

Read

can

could

ride

rode

ridden

catch

caught

caught

ring

rang

rung

choose

chose

chosen

rise

rose

risen

come

came

come

run

ran

run

cost

cost

cost

say

said

said

cut

cut

cut

see

saw

seen

dig

dug

dug

sell

sold

sold

do

did

done

send

sent

sent

draw

drew

drawn

set

set

set

drink

drank

drunk

shall

should

drive

drove

driven

shine

shone

shone

eat

ate

eaten

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

shut

shut

shut

feel

felt

felt

sing

sang

sung

find

found

found

sink

sank/sunk

sunk/sunken

fly

flew

flown

sit

set

set

forget

forgot

forgot/forgotten

sleep

slept

slept

freeze

froze

frozen

smell

smelt

smelt

get

got

got

speak

spoke

spoken

give

gave

given

spend

spent

spent

go

went

gone

spill

spilt

spilt

grow

grew

grown

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

stand

stood

stood

have(has)

had

had

sweep

swept

swept

hear

heard

heard

swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden

take

took

taken

hit

hit

hit

teach

taught

taught

hold

held

held

tell

told

told

hurt

hurt

hurt

think

thought

thought

keep

kept

kept

throw

threw

thrown

know

knew

known

understand

understood

understood

lay

laid

laid

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

wear

wore

worn

leave

left

left

will

would

lend

lent

lent

win

won

won

let

let

let

write

wrote

witten

lie

lay

lain

3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：

一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)

一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)

I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….

(I等各人稱(chēng)) will be….

I am

He/She/It is going to be…

We/You/They are

I have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….

一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)

過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)

過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)

I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….

(I等各人稱(chēng)) would be….

I was

He/She/It was going to be…

We/You/They were

I had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

注意：句型變化時(shí),

否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫(xiě)為n’t(am后面not不可以縮寫(xiě))；

疑問(wèn)句將am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。

4、其它謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：

現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)

一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)

一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)

(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞do / does)

am

is +動(dòng)詞-ing

are

will + 動(dòng)詞原形

am

is +going to+動(dòng)詞原形

are

have +過(guò)去分詞

has

過(guò)去 時(shí)態(tài)

一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)

過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)

過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)

過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式

(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞did)

was

+動(dòng)詞-ing

were

would + 動(dòng)詞原形

was

+going to+動(dòng)詞原形

were

注：動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式及用法見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專(zhuān)項(xiàng)講解。

誤區(qū)提醒

動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)和形式要結(jié)合動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，掌握好動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)和形式，是學(xué)好時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)，撇開(kāi)動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)及基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)去學(xué)其他內(nèi)容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)了，才能高屋建瓴，徹底弄清楚跟動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的其他內(nèi)容，打贏當(dāng)中的攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)！

數(shù)學(xué)）

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