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      Thinking about becoming the next Ernest Hemingway? Or Stephen King? It takes a great deal of practice, planning, experience of the world and talent. A good reader is a good writer. Read classics and quality newspapers. Try to contribute to newspapers of your school or community.
      想成為下一個(gè)厄尼斯特·海明威或史蒂芬·金嗎？當(dāng)然，這需要天賦、計(jì)劃、大量實(shí)踐和豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)。好讀者也能成為好寫手。所以，多讀經(jīng)典名著和優(yōu)質(zhì)報(bào)紙吧。你也可以嘗試向�？�或區(qū)報(bào)投稿。
      1. Write down ideas for your writing, subtitles, or even topic. (It's best to do all of this unless you're given a topic!)
      1. 寫出文章思路、標(biāo)題甚或主題。（除非是命題作文，否則最好列出以上所有要素。）
      2. Narrow down your list to unimportant facts and details so you have your set planned.
      2. 清除不必要的要素和細(xì)節(jié)，集中于主要目標(biāo)。
      3. Write an outline by listing the details for each paragraph.
      3. 擬寫提綱，列出各段落細(xì)節(jié)。
      4. By now you should have basically your whole story planned. If not: make an additional outline, edit your work, add some brainstorm ideas, or make an idea web.
      4. 這時(shí)你文章的基本框架應(yīng)該已經(jīng)出爐。若沒有，可再擬提綱、修改既定思路，或增加新靈感，列出思想大綱。
      5. You're now ready to start your "sloppy copy," otherwise known as your first draft! Begin by writing down an essay-looking model from which to work.
      5. 現(xiàn)在還不可倉(cāng)促組稿——也就是打草稿！先寫一個(gè)行之有效的論文框架吧。
      6. Revise your work with another color.
      6. 用不同顏色的筆修改文章。
      7. Edit! Look in the dictionary to check your spelling and look in the thesaurusto vary your word choices and make your written voice more interesting.
      7. 仔細(xì)修改！查字典看是否拼寫錯(cuò)誤，或從辭典里選出更貼切的詞語(yǔ)，一定要讓行文更生動(dòng)有趣。
      8. Read your new draft aloud to anyone and accept any feedback. Doing this aloud will just let you know whether it needs some work. If you got ahead of yourself and forgot letters or punctuation, you will immediately realize it. Add any changes in a seventh color.
      8. 大聲讀出新文稿，聽聽別人的意見。大聲讀出來(lái)會(huì)有意外收獲。寫的時(shí)候你或許會(huì)漏掉某些詞語(yǔ)或標(biāo)點(diǎn)，讀出來(lái)時(shí)你就能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些錯(cuò)誤。然后再用不同顏色的筆作修改。
      9. Do your second draft. Do not skip lines. Write in "essay form."
      9. 重寫文稿。一定要一板一眼以論文格式寫出來(lái)。
      10. If you are happy with the essay now, you can turn it in for credit/publishing, after editing for spelling and grammar. If you're not, do steps 4, 5, and 6 again.
      10. 拼寫和語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤后，如果你對(duì)文章比較滿意，可以嘗試投稿。如果不甚滿意，回到第4、5、6步驟，重寫。
      TIPS:
      小建議：
      Make a mnemonic device to help you remember things you often forget.
      利用記憶工具，以免忘記某些事情。
      Similes and metaphors are fun to use!
      明喻和暗喻能為文章增色不少！
      Read books, newspapers, and magazines to help you find interesting facts you could use in your writing.
      廣泛閱讀書籍報(bào)刊，挖掘自己感興趣的素材，然后運(yùn)用到文章中去。
      The info sources are for finding info about a "knowledge essay".
      寫“知識(shí)型文章”時(shí)，查找信息資料很重要。
      Teachers admire people who work hard instead of racing to finish the essay at the last minute.
      老師喜歡的是踏實(shí)勤奮的學(xué)生，而不是臨時(shí)抱佛腳的學(xué)生。
      If you are going to use a computer, write out your story or essay by hand first, then type it on a computer. Writing by hand prepares you for essay tests. It also encourages very different ways of thinking; computers can tend to make work look more "finished" or "official" than it really is.
      用電腦寫作前，先手寫初稿，然后再輸入電腦。手寫不僅對(duì)正式考試大有裨益，還能激發(fā)靈感。電腦寫作容易使文章看上去呆板僵硬。
      Use complete words and sentences. An essay or story is not a chatroom.
      遣詞造句要完整。寫文章忌諱閑扯。
      Good writers read a lot. Read all the time: magazines, novels, the paper, anything. Reading a wide range of material increases your vocabulary and gives you a sense of what you're trying to achieve.
      優(yōu)秀寫手閱讀相當(dāng)廣泛：報(bào)刊雜志小說(shuō)，他們無(wú)不涉及。廣泛閱讀不僅能擴(kuò)充詞匯量，還可培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感。
      Just have fun while writing. Writing shouldn't be torture, it is a skill.
      寫作只是一門技藝，不是酷刑，要學(xué)會(huì)享受。
      WARNINGS:
      小提醒：
      1. Be careful to stay on topic. If you are writing about something unimportant, you may find that your main message becomes buried under trivial stuff. This makes editing particularly important.
      1. 要緊扣主題。如果你盡寫一些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的東西，文章主旨就會(huì)不得要領(lǐng)。所以，修改步驟尤為重要。
      2. Be sure that your writing is well organized! Poorly organized writing may not read well and may even confuse your readers. As you go from paragraph to paragraph, check for cohesion. Try to organize your paragraphs into some kind of logical order.
      2. 要結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。結(jié)構(gòu)混亂的文章艱澀難讀，易給讀者造成困惑。要檢查段落的連貫性。段落安排要有邏輯。
      3. Writing takes patience and practice.
      3. 寫作需要付諸耐心和實(shí)踐。
      4. Use synonyms with care. There is no quicker way to sound ignorant than to use a word as the wrong part of speech or in the wrong context. Always look up words in the dictionary and make sure you understand their meaning before using them.
      4. 慎用近義詞。講稿或行文中用錯(cuò)詞是件很蠢的事情。務(wù)必查字典，確保自己對(duì)詞義非常清楚。
      5. Do not plagiarize! Realize that your references are very important in essays. They even lend credibility to your research. If you are writing something for a writing class, you may want to ask your teacher how to cite your references because there are many different styles.
      5. 杜絕抄襲！論文的參考文獻(xiàn)很重要，甚至能為你的課題增光添彩。參考文獻(xiàn)的引用有多種形式，如果你是在完成寫作課的任務(wù)，可以向老師問問清楚。

 

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