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Forget what you know about reading
忘掉你知道的閱讀技巧
There is a right way to read a book for pleasure, and a right way to read a book for learning. You can read a book for pleasure one time through and be just fine. However, it is harmful to assume that you should approach academic reading the same way. In order to read and comprehend a book or article for school, you need to be much more intentional and strategic.
看書娛樂與看書學(xué)習(xí)有各自不同的方法。你可以匆匆看一遍書來娛樂，但是如果你用同樣的方式來學(xué)習(xí)則有弊無利。要想理解與血液有關(guān)的一本書或是一篇文章，你要采取策略。

Understand genres and themes
了解書的不同類別
In most reading tests, the student is asked to read a passage and predict what might happen next. Prediction is a common reading comprehension strategy. The purpose for this strategy is to make sure you’re able to infer information from the clues in the text.
在大多數(shù)閱讀考試中，學(xué)生都被要求看一篇文章并預(yù)測接接下來的走向。預(yù)測是一個很常見的閱讀理解策略。該策略的目的是確保你可以通過文中線索預(yù)測信息。

Here’s an passage to clarify this point:
這里是一篇短文作為例子：

Clara gripped the handle of the heavy glass pitcher and lifted it from the refrigerator shelf. She didn’t understand why her mother thought she was too young to pour her own juice. As she backed away carefully, the rubber seal of the refrigerator door caught the lip of the glass pitcher, which caused the slippery handle to slip from her hand. As she watch the pitcher crash into a thousand pieces, she saw the figure of her mother appear in the kitchen doorway.
克萊拉握著沉甸甸的大水罐把手，把它從冰箱上拿下來。她不明白為什么她媽媽認(rèn)為她還太小，不能自己倒果汁喝。她小心翼翼地退后，但是冰箱門的橡膠圈碰到了水罐的蓋子，克萊拉手一松，水罐掉了下來，摔成碎片，這時，她看到媽媽走進(jìn)了廚房。
So, what do you think will happen next? We could guess that Clara’s mother reacts angrily, or we might guess that the mother bursts into laughter. Either answer would be sufficient, since we have so little information to go on. But if I told you that this passage was an excerpt from a thriller, that fact might impact your answer. Similarly, if I told you this passage came from a comedy, you'd make a very different prediction.
接下來會發(fā)生什么？我們可以猜猜，克萊拉的媽媽會怒火中燒還是狂笑不止。這兩種情況都很可能，因為我們知道的信息太少。但是沒如果我告訴你這篇文章節(jié)選自恐怖小說，這就會影響你的答案。同樣的，如果我說這篇文章節(jié)選自喜劇，你也會做出完全不同的預(yù)測。
It is important to know something about the type of text you're reading. Understanding the genre of a book helps you make predictions about the action--which helps you comprehend the action.
知道你所讀的材料的類別很重要，了解類別可以幫助你預(yù)測，也可以幫助你理解。

Read with tools
利用工具閱讀
Any time you read to learn, you should use active reading skills. There are good tools to use as you read, and there are tools that are not so good to use.
每當(dāng)你一邊閱讀一邊學(xué)習(xí)，你都要用上閱讀技巧。閱讀工具有好也有壞。
A pencil is a good tool. You can use a pencil to make annotations in the margins of your text without doing any permanent damage to the text. Another good tool is a pack of sticky notes. Use your notes to jot down thoughts, impressions, predictions, and questions as you read. A highlighter, on the other hand, can be a really bad tool. Not only do you create some serious damage when you highlight a book, you also give yourself the false impression that you have accomplished anything significant by doing so.
鉛筆是個好工具，你可以在書的空白處坐上注釋，而不會損壞書本。另一個好工具是便利貼。你可以一邊讀一邊寫下你的想法、印象、預(yù)測及疑問。熒光筆也許會誤事。因為你不但損壞了書本，還給自己留下了已經(jīng)標(biāo)出重點的錯誤印象。

Work the vocabulary skills
學(xué)習(xí)詞匯技巧
It's a no-brainer that you should take the time to identify and look up new and unfamiliar words as you read. But it's important to make a log book of those new words, and revisit them long after you've finished reading that book. The more we study a subject, the more it sinks in.
人人都知道要花時間查閱讀中遇到的生詞，但是重要的是你要把這些生詞記錄下來，并在閱讀后復(fù)習(xí)它們。對一個方向的學(xué)習(xí)越深，你了解的就越多。
Analyze the title (and subtitles)
分析標(biāo)題（及副標(biāo)題）
If you are wondering why I would mention the title last, I can assure you that there is a good reason. The title is often the last thing to be adjusted once a writer has finished writing. A writer will labor hard and long on an article or book, and often the writer uses many of the same strategies that a good reader uses. Writers edit the text and identify themes, make predictions, and make notations galore. Many writers are surprised by the twists and turns that come from the creative process. This is why, once a text is completed, the writer may reflect on the true message or purpose as a final step and come up with a new title. This means you can use the title as a clue to help you understand the message or purpose of your text.
如果你好奇為什么我在最后提出要分析標(biāo)題，我可以向你保證，我有一個絕佳的理由。標(biāo)題往往是作者寫完以后最后要調(diào)整的東西。作者會在標(biāo)題上花費大量的心思，很經(jīng)常，作者們?nèi)��?biāo)題時會依照讀者們的策略。作者會編輯文章，確定主旨，進(jìn)行預(yù)測，并做大量標(biāo)記。許多作者都驚嘆自己創(chuàng)作過程中的迂回曲折，這也是為什么一篇文章寫成后，作者會將思考文章的信息和目的作為最后一步，然后想出新標(biāo)題。這意味著你可以視標(biāo)題為線索，來幫助你理解這篇文本的信息或目的。