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一、引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。如：What he said at the meeting was very important．他在會(huì)上所說的非常重要。（賓語(yǔ)）What surprised us is that he did it alone．使我們吃驚的是他一個(gè)人做了那項(xiàng)工作。（主語(yǔ)）That he did it alone surprised us．他獨(dú)自完成了那項(xiàng)工作使我們感到吃驚。（that用來引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，在句中不作成分）
二、引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句that與what都可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，一般情況下可以省略，但當(dāng)有兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能省掉第一個(gè)that。what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。如：They stopped to see what was happening．他們停下來看發(fā)生了什么事情。（主語(yǔ)）The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done．那個(gè)男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。（what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)）All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple．所有的人都認(rèn)為拯救古廟是正確的。（that在賓語(yǔ)從句中不作句子成分且可省略）We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed．我們必須相信，我們每一個(gè)人都能把某件事情辦好；而且，當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這事情是什么的時(shí)候，我們就必須努力干下去，直到成功為止。（第一個(gè)that可省略，第二個(gè)that不能省略）
三、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句that與what都可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，且不能省略；what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。如：Mary is no longer what she used to be．瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。（what在表語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)）The question is what we should do to prevent him from going．問題是我們?cè)鯓幼霾拍茏柚顾�去。（what在表語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞do的賓語(yǔ)）The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is ill．他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。（that只起連接作用）
四、引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句that與what都可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞，對(duì)所修飾的名詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。這類名詞有：fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。如：I have no idea what we should do next．我不知道我們下一步該做什么。（賓語(yǔ)）He made a promise that he would study hard．他許諾要努力學(xué)習(xí)。(that只起連接作用)The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up．那個(gè)男孩兒表達(dá)了他長(zhǎng)大后想當(dāng)一名飛行員的愿望。（that只起連接作用）
五、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
that可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句且在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。如：This is one of the buildings that were built last year．這是去年建的樓房之一。（that在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，指物，不能省略。）The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago．你昨天在街上遇到的那位醫(yī)生二十年前就來到這里了。（that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，指人并可省略。）注意：what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如不能說：1．He did all what he could to save the patient．2．All what he needs is more time．應(yīng)將句中的what改為that，或去掉what，還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉，但兩句的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了根本的改變：句1中的what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，句2中的what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。
六、引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句so．．．that, such ..．that, so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。what不能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，但whatever, no matter what可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如：He made such rapid progress in English that before long he could write articles for an American newspaper．他的英語(yǔ)進(jìn)步很快，不久就能為美國(guó)的一家報(bào)社寫文章了。Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them．請(qǐng)把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽(yáng)曬枯它們。Don’t believe him no matter what he says．無論他說什么，都不要相信他。

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