命題特點
英語學習活動非常復雜，然而它的本質(zhì)特征主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：1.語言規(guī)則系統(tǒng)的重構，即語音規(guī)則系統(tǒng)，語法規(guī)則系統(tǒng)和語義規(guī)則系統(tǒng)的重構；2.跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)，即在交際環(huán)境中正確，恰當?shù)剡\用英語能力的培養(yǎng)。
高考英語命題和試卷設計正是突出了英語學習活動的這一特點。雖然高考英語試題的命題已由“知識立意”轉(zhuǎn)向“能力立意”，但是語言知識在試卷中的地位、在語言學習中的作用始終不容忽視。知識是能力的基礎，對能力的測試不可避免地要結合對知識的測試，沒有基礎的語言知識，就談不上語言能力的發(fā)展。因此高考英語備考必須十分重視英語學習的知識體系。備考過程不應是對已學知識的簡單重復和強化，而應將中學六年所學的零散的、孤立的語言知識有機地結合起來，形成一個完整的知識體系，從而摸索出規(guī)律，過好基礎關，為語言運用打下扎實的基礎。
典例精析
在分析、理解和運作語言時，必須同時考慮英語句子的結構和意義兩大因素，先結構再意義，以確保正確地表情達意。
例1 It is dangerous to let the children who are _____ go swimming.
A. so young to B. so young C . too young to D. not old enough to
分析：本題若只看選項表面，很容易誤選C或D。但若看清該句主語為不定式短語，其中附有修飾賓語the children的定語從句 “ who are___”，則很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)該不定式的結構為 “l(fā)et sb. do” ，答案自然為B。
關注句子的結構和意義，必須注重上下文提供的語境及結構線索。
例2 ——Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Shanghai?
——_________. It is 2 years since I worked there.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don’t C. Yes, I have D. No, I haven’t
分析：本句關鍵是正確理解 “It is 2 years since I worked there.”
“It is + time + since …”屬英語常用特定句子結構，表示動作自過去發(fā)生至今有多久。但該結構從句中謂語動詞的性質(zhì)決定其最終的意義。從句中謂語動詞為瞬間性動詞，則表該瞬間動詞發(fā)生至今時間多久；若從句中謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞，則表示該延續(xù)動詞動作終止至今時間多久. “ worked” 屬延續(xù)性動詞，該句意為 “我至今已有兩年沒在上海工作了�！�，顯然，本題的答案為B。
例3 ——Who’s made so much noise in the garden?
——______ the children.
A. There are B. They are; C. That is D. It is
分析：根據(jù)本題問句的結構, “who”是謂語 “has made” 的主語，則斷定答句中的 “the children”只能是句子的主語，即：The children have made so much noise in the garden. 這樣才叫“所答所問”�？梢姳绢}無需填詞便已完整。但結合選項，只有D項能達此要求。只是答者用強調(diào)結構形式來回答主語the children。完整的答句為：It is the children who have made so much noise in the garden.其它選項均屬“答非所問”。
例4 The chairman thought _____ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A. that B. it C. this D. him
分析：本題中的謂語動詞 “thought”可擁有 “S+V+O+C”句子結構。該句動詞的賓語為不定式短語 to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting，而 necessary則為賓語補語，與賓語構成邏輯上的主謂關系；根據(jù)語法要求，須用形式主語 it來完成全句。
例5 I’ll go to London next week. Do you have anything _____ to your parents?
A. to take B. to bring C. to be taken D. to be brought
分析：由本句的結構可以得知，選項將要完成不定式作定語修飾anything。根據(jù)句意，動詞自然為take。就句子結構而言，A和C項都成立，但意義不同。A項不定式主動形式，表明該不定式動作是本句主語you所為；而C項不定式被動形式，則強調(diào)該不定式動作是除本句主語you之外的人所為，恰好符合本題的意義，即：你是否有什么東西要我?guī)Ыo你的父母？可見，C項便在情理之中了。
例6 ——It was three o’clock _____ we arrived at the village.
—— Oh, it was also at three o’clock ______ that arrived at the village.
A. that ; when B. when ; that C. that ; that D. when ; when
分析：從對話雙方陳述的內(nèi)容并結合所用的句子結構，可以得知，第一句中的it有實意，表示時間，其中 “it was three o’clock”為全句的主體，空檔選when引導時間狀語從句，表示我們到達的時間是三點鐘。而第二句的意義與第一句意義雷同，但注意到句中有at three o’clock,可見，該句中的it為形式主語，句子屬強調(diào)結構，以強調(diào)句中的時間狀語at three o’clock，自然空檔應選that。因此，完成整個對話便選B。
例7 Don’t stop trying . You’ll be sure _______ .
A. to succeed B. of succeeding C. of success D. about your succeeding
分析：“be sure”的組句結構既可為 “be sure to do sth.” 也可為 “be sure of / about doing sth.”. 但其意義不同。 “You’ll be sure to succeed. == I’m sure that you’ll succeed.”，即強調(diào)說話者(the speaker)的觀點；而 “You’ll be sure of succeeding. == You are sure that you’ll succeed.”，即 強調(diào)句中主語(the subject)自己的觀點。根據(jù)本題提供的語境 “Don’t stop trying”，顯然，A是唯一合適的選項。
例7 The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _____ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
分析：句子時態(tài)語態(tài)是英語學習永恒的主題。本題考查從句中時態(tài)的正確選用。根據(jù)主句提供的語言背景 “The policeman’s attention was caught”（警察注意到）為過去時，表明“盒子被放在車子下面”是“在警察注意到”之前發(fā)生的動作，屬過去的過去，自然要用過去完成時，C項便在情理之中。
（注：本文中的例子，均是老師對高考的重新設計。）
探究規(guī)律
英語是一門十分注重結構的語言。句子結構不同，意義各異，如：
(1)He found the article easily （ S+V+O）
(2)He found the article easy. ( S+V+O+C)
本組句子一字之差，其結構和意義迥然不同。前句為S+V+O 結構，其中easily修飾謂語動詞，全句意為“他輕而易舉地找到了這篇文章�！�；后句則為S+V+O+C 結構，其中easy 為賓語補語，與賓語the article構成邏輯上的主謂關系，全句意為“他發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇文章不難�！�
備考建議
復習備考始終以句子為訓練和實踐的基本單位，緊緊圍繞句子的核心，即謂語動詞、句子的組合，即各類從句和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，即非謂語形式這三大語法支柱來開展語言復習的各項活動，達到詞不離句、句不離文。
鑒于英語學習的基本特征，高考英語備考還應注意積累一定量的語言文化知識，以推動對句子乃至語段的結構和意義的準確把握和理解。
What he played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.
本句中的 “ a Judas kiss ” 源于圣經(jīng)《馬太福音》猶大以親吻耶穌的方式出賣耶穌的故事。只要了解這一語言背景，則不難理解a Judas kiss== an act of treachery, 畢業(yè)背叛行為。 全句確切含意便一目了然。
2014年展望
必須指出，近年來高考英語試題的整體難度有所下降，其語言地道、語境仿真、不拘一格、講究實用，要求學生不死記語法，不死鉆怪題，而應注重句子結構，在語言的實用意義上下功夫。因此，高考備考中必須對句子的結構和意義予以足夠重視，以實踐原則指導高考復習，促進能力轉(zhuǎn)化。
知識的掌握和語言能力的形成要靠大量的語言實踐。多實踐練習，則熟能生巧，能力就會自然提高。在高三最后復習階段，時間很有限。備考要有廣度和一定深度，但反對題海戰(zhàn)術，反對無選擇地大量重復的機械練習題；杜絕一切偏、難、怪題，提倡精選精練那些設計嚴密、具有科學性、系統(tǒng)性、針對性的練習題，限時完成，保證質(zhì)量；題不在多，典型就行；題不在難，思考就靈。要通過練習及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題，提高分辨能力，掌握解題技巧。在處理練習時，不要只求答案，要進行多角度設問，使自己既要知其然，更要知其所以然。要通過典型題分析，培養(yǎng)自己舉一反三、觸類旁通的能力。在有限的時間內(nèi)達到最佳的復習效果。
練兵場
1. With the fact that he is a good deal younger than the rest of us ______ into account I think he has done pretty well indeed.
A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
2.? Mum’s gift? She ______ have chosen a better one for me.
-- Oh, she _____ be very happy to know it.
A. should; must B. couldn’t; must C. might ; would D. mustn’t ; can’t
3.. ? How did you sleep last night ?
-- Like a log. Never slept ______.
A. well B. deeply C. better D. best
4. This form should be filled _______ ink .
A. in B. with C. in with D. in in
5. ? Tom and Mike have made great progress recently.
-- ______ , and ______ .
A. So they were ; so you have B. So they have ; so have you
C. So have they ; so have you D. So have they ; so you have
6. _____ is known to all that the island has been Chinese territory since ancient times.
A. As B. Which C. What D. It
7. The student spent most of his spare time _____the TV set.
A. watching B. looking at C. in front of D. in seeing
8. Early in the morning _____ the enemy was coming towards the village.
A. the news came that B. came the news that
C. did the news come that D. came the news which
9. I had to buy _____ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
10. ? One week’s time has been wasted.
-- I can’t believe we did all that work for _____ .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
11. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
12. ? I called you up at ten yesterday morning, but you were not in.
-- Oh, I ______the doctor then.
A. saw B. was seeing C. has seen D. am seeing
13. He insisted that he ______ right in doing that.
A. should be B. be C. was D. had been
14. It will be quite a long time ______ she is back again, so don’t be too cross with her.
A. that B. since C. before D. until
15. This is a disease that can result in total blindness ______ left untreated.
A. after B. if C. since D. unless
16. _____ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize.
A. The first time B. For the first time C. At a time D. First time
17. He was rude to the Customs officer, ______ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
18. Was it _____ he said or something he did ______ made her cry so sadly.
A. what ; what B. that ; that C. that ; what D. what ; that
19. He has been working for more than 20 years and seldom _____ so tired as he do now.
A. he has felt B. he had felt C. has he felt D. had he felt
20. The noise of the machines _______ can be clearly heard in our classroom.
A. fixed B. being fixed C. to be fixed D. having been fixed
21. She likes to sleep with the window ______ and the electric fan ______ .
A. open ; working B. opened ; worked C. opening ; working D. opening ; worked
22. Is this the watch which you wish ______ ?
A. to repair it B. to have it repaired C. to have repaired D. will be repaired
23. ? What’s made John so upset ?
-- I believe _______ the game. It shocked him so much.
A. for losing B. lost C. losing D. because of losing
24. Words ______ me when I wanted to express my thanks to him for having save my son from the
burning house.
A. failed B. left C. discouraged D. disappointed
25. What was it ______ made our area different from what it used to be ?
A. has B. had C. that D. which
26. Long ago there ______ an old man and his kind wife in this house.
A. is B. lived C. had D. had been
參考答案
BBCDB / DCBDB / BBCCB / ADDCB / ACCAC / B
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