③ “am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)
④ 表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請(qǐng)等我回頭)
⑤ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來(lái)。(見(jiàn)相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))
⑥ shall和will 在口語(yǔ)的一些疑問(wèn)句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開(kāi)好嗎？)
⑦ “be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
① 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
② 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹(shù)上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō))
③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來(lái))/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過(guò)一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)
(5)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
① 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
② 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具)
③ 用于賓語(yǔ)從句或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過(guò)時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)
(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開(kāi)始在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。
①在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
②表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?guó))
③表示在過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開(kāi)張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)
④口語(yǔ)中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書(shū)館有上萬(wàn)本書(shū))
⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過(guò)”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? ?He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國(guó)。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? ?Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過(guò)那里三次。)
⑥在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。具體變化見(jiàn)下表：
瞬間性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)
→
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in / at …
for (two years)
has
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
left…
(had)
been away from…
arrived…
been in…
died
been dead
begun
been on
ended
been over
bought...
had…
borrowed…
kept…
joined…
been in …
或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：
It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(yǔ)(人)+謂語(yǔ)(過(guò)去時(shí))+……+過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
[注意] 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問(wèn)題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書(shū)我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)
(7) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
①過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
②過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語(yǔ),也會(huì)有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來(lái)的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)
③過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說(shuō)他以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)袋鼠)
(8) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示在過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
①過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。
②過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常由于賓語(yǔ)從句中,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：later, soon, the next (day).
③在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中不可以使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻�(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來(lái)看看書(shū))
④表示純粹的將來(lái)時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)
⑤過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)
(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過(guò)去就開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)
6、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語(yǔ)是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)意義上的區(qū)別。在英語(yǔ)中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。
(2)英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后的by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)下表：
現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成
am
is +p.p.
are
am
is +being+p.p.
are
will + be+p.p.
am
is +going to+ be + p.p.
are
have(has) +been+p.p.
過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)
過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)
過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成
was +p.p.
were
was
+being+p.p.
were
would +be+p.p.
was +going to+be+p.p.
were
had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示過(guò)去分詞。
(1) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：
① 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰(shuí)做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),省略by短語(yǔ)。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不說(shuō)或者眾所周知是誰(shuí)做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),省略by短語(yǔ)。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)
③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加by短語(yǔ)。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書(shū))是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的)
(2) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
主動(dòng)句： 主語(yǔ)(人/物) + 謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞) + 賓語(yǔ)(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語(yǔ)
(動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者) (各種時(shí)態(tài)形式) (動(dòng)作的承受者)
被動(dòng)句： 主語(yǔ)(人/物) + 謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語(yǔ)
(動(dòng)作的承受者) (be +過(guò)去分詞) (動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)
(3) 注意點(diǎn)：
①“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語(yǔ)做被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)
也可以用直接賓語(yǔ)做被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ),但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語(yǔ)。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)
②“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí))
③“動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)
④“be+過(guò)去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)
7、動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式：。
(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式；其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種形式。它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒軉为?dú)作謂語(yǔ)。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：
① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問(wèn)形式是：“wh-疑問(wèn)詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過(guò)去分詞”。
② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。
③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語(yǔ)前句子作主語(yǔ)。但是通常將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)放在謂語(yǔ)后面,而在主語(yǔ)位置用“it”作形式主語(yǔ)(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語(yǔ)是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)
④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語(yǔ)。
[A] 及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(vt.)
+不定式
(作賓語(yǔ))
[說(shuō) 明]
want(想) / try(試圖) / decide(決定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜愛(ài)) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望)
+ to (do)
(無(wú))
help(幫助)
to可以省略
begin(開(kāi)始)/ start(開(kāi)始)/hate(憎恨)
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不大
forget(忘記) / remember(記得)/ like(總愛(ài))
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較大
如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開(kāi)始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛(ài)在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開(kāi)時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒(méi)關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過(guò)燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒(méi)打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過(guò)電話)
[B] 及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式：
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(vt.)
+wh-疑問(wèn)詞+不定式 (作賓語(yǔ))
[說(shuō)明]
tell (告訴) / show (顯示) / know (知道) / ask (問(wèn)) / find out (發(fā)現(xiàn)) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / forget(忘記) / remember(記得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商討)
what
where
+ how + to (do)
who
which
……
不定式疑問(wèn)形式還可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。
如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問(wèn)我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎？)
[C] 不定式作賓語(yǔ)而后面又有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用it代替作形式賓語(yǔ),而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)
⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語(yǔ),放在名詞或代詞后面。
[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：
被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語(yǔ))
漢 語(yǔ) 意 思
a key
to lock the door
鎖門的鑰匙
a box
to hold these things
裝這些東西的箱子
give her a book
to read
給她一本書(shū)讀
Is there any (+名詞/代詞)
to (do)?
有…要(做的)嗎?
It’s time
to go.
是走的時(shí)間了。/ 該走了。
Do you have any work
to do?
你有工作要做嗎?
I’d like something
to eat.
我要點(diǎn)兒吃的。
I have nothing
to say.
我沒(méi)有話要說(shuō)。
Would you like something
to drink?
你要點(diǎn)兒喝的嗎？
[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：
They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)
⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用,有下列幾種情況：
[A] 放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來(lái)看望她)(表示來(lái)的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒)(表示停下來(lái)的目的)
[B] 放在完整的謂語(yǔ)之后(即“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”、“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”、“動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開(kāi)窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)
[C] 有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語(yǔ)可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來(lái)看看)(不定式作“停下來(lái)”的目的狀語(yǔ))/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開(kāi)始聽(tīng)老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)
⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語(yǔ),限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
謂 語(yǔ) 動(dòng) 詞(vt.)
+ 賓語(yǔ) (人 / 物)
+不定式 (作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
ask(請(qǐng)) / tell(關(guān)照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(讓) / help(幫) / invite(邀請(qǐng)) / like(喜歡) / warn(警告) /
+sb. / sth.
+to (do)
make(使得) / let(讓) / hear(聽(tīng)) / see(看) / feel(感覺(jué)) / watch(觀看)/ have(使得) / help(幫助)
+sb. / sth.
+ (do)
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見(jiàn)見(jiàn)我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)聽(tīng)你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見(jiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過(guò)時(shí)聽(tīng)到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽(tīng)她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過(guò)程)
(3)動(dòng)名詞
① 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語(yǔ),可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(包括介詞賓語(yǔ))等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。
② 動(dòng)名詞可以作主語(yǔ)。一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ)而將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③ 動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語(yǔ)。
[A] want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒(méi)寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過(guò)信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來(lái)向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了)
④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語(yǔ),此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來(lái)) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來(lái))
⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)) / Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),分別作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語(yǔ)) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))
(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))
① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思；過(guò)去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。
② 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)在句子中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。
[A] 作定語(yǔ)：分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見(jiàn)了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(參考不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(vt.)
賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(聽(tīng)到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺(jué)到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))
[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來(lái)到的口語(yǔ)考試)
[D] 過(guò)去分詞可以作表語(yǔ),放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過(guò)去分詞可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來(lái)做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)
8、動(dòng)詞用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動(dòng)詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡(jiǎn)略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動(dòng)詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試？)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…；②sb./sth. + seem + like +…；③sb/sth + seem + to (do)；④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長(zhǎng)叫到名字時(shí)他好象很開(kāi)心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒(méi)有什么人會(huì)做出如此愚蠢的事情來(lái))
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點(diǎn)怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因?yàn)樗噶四敲创蟮腻e(cuò)誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對(duì)不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)
(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過(guò)多次她一定會(huì)來(lái)的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對(duì)你的答案有把握嗎？也許是錯(cuò)的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會(huì)幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn)備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過(guò)一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說(shuō)法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個(gè)動(dòng)作過(guò)程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個(gè)狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請(qǐng)穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)身穿黑衣的女人嗎？)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)
[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語(yǔ),而dress常用人作賓語(yǔ)。表示給自己穿衣時(shí)常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎？)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會(huì)穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會(huì)嗎？)
(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動(dòng)名詞,love 后面一般跟動(dòng)詞不定式。like后面有時(shí)跟動(dòng)詞不定式,表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)有關(guān))。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂(lè)趣；玩得開(kāi)心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購(gòu)物嗎？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學(xué)后他總愛(ài)游個(gè)泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛(ài)唱外國(guó)歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會(huì)上你玩得開(kāi)心嗎？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國(guó)生活)
(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過(guò)程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會(huì)”,指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時(shí)可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個(gè)你學(xué)過(guò)了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了？)
learn還可以表示“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō)音樂(lè)家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語(yǔ)或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認(rèn)為中國(guó)會(huì)在40年后成為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)
(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作過(guò)程,后面兩個(gè)表示結(jié)果,look for指“尋找”不見(jiàn)的或丟失的東西,但還沒(méi)有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個(gè)事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽(tīng)到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰(shuí)把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺(jué)某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語(yǔ)從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個(gè)聰明的女孩)(名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對(duì)你的身體是不利的)
(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個(gè)詞與聽(tīng)覺(jué)有關(guān),listen to指“聽(tīng)”這一過(guò)程,hear指“聽(tīng)到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽(tīng)我說(shuō)嗎？是的,你的話我全聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了)
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個(gè)詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過(guò)程；see指“看見(jiàn)”這一結(jié)果,有時(shí)see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時(shí)后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書(shū)面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書(shū)、報(bào)紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請(qǐng)看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會(huì)感覺(jué)好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識(shí))
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面跟人,指對(duì)某人有耳聞但沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)面；hear from“收到……的來(lái)信”,后面加人；learn“聽(tīng)說(shuō)、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽(tīng)說(shuō)格林先生今晚要來(lái)看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那個(gè)去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō)音樂(lè)家本人就在城里)
(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個(gè)詞與“說(shuō)”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說(shuō)”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)要加介詞to,speak作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面跟語(yǔ)言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時(shí)后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動(dòng)詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說(shuō)的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動(dòng)詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語(yǔ)等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語(yǔ)嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰(shuí)在會(huì)上發(fā)了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長(zhǎng)講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請(qǐng)跟我講講那個(gè)奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)
(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會(huì)”等意思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過(guò)去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會(huì)”,有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式,to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形,有時(shí)可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時(shí)不會(huì)游泳)
(17)there be、have的用法：兩個(gè)詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語(yǔ)必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語(yǔ)在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個(gè)兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少?gòu)堊酪危恳粡堃矝](méi)有。)
[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個(gè)滯后或遲于there be的動(dòng)作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.
(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個(gè)詞,borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動(dòng)作,不可以和表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；keep“保存”用來(lái)表示借一段時(shí)間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來(lái)的書(shū))/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？?jī)蓚�(gè)多月了！)
(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來(lái)”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運(yùn),不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。
(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個(gè)詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式或者賓語(yǔ)從句,不可以跟動(dòng)名詞或作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式；wish表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句(用過(guò)去時(shí))或者作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們?nèi)枷ＭM快見(jiàn)到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實(shí)上天正在下雨)
(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：
spend的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢或時(shí)間,句型：sb.+(spend)+時(shí)間/金錢+on sth / (in) doing sth. ；
take的主語(yǔ)通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+時(shí)間+to do… 。(如果是動(dòng)作則常用it作形式主語(yǔ)將動(dòng)詞不定式后移)；
cost的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+時(shí)間/金錢/力氣. ；
pay的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢,句型：sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物.
如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個(gè)晚上看那本小說(shuō))/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時(shí)間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書(shū))
(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開(kāi)始、出發(fā)、啟動(dòng)”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開(kāi)始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開(kāi)始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒(méi)法啟動(dòng)他的汽車)
(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)后面加介詞at,到達(dá)一個(gè)大的地方(國(guó)家、城市)時(shí)后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達(dá)”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及地點(diǎn)(無(wú)論大小)時(shí)后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等；reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個(gè)星期天他抵達(dá)舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達(dá)那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動(dòng)前5分鐘到達(dá)車站)
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